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They are attributed to several gurus of the Nath Śaiva sect. There are early literary texts from the 11th century that resemble Punjabi with, however, some morphological differences.The "western dialects" Saraiki, Hindoko and Potohari tend to be considered now as separate languages.
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There are three major eastern dialects: Doabi, Powadi and Malwi. Majhi (districts of Amritsar and Gurdaspur in the Indian Punjab) is considered the standard. In India, Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab and one of the 23 official languages of the country. Punjabi proper is spoken by three-quarters of this number (82 million) to which 33 million speakers living in India should be added. Together, these four languages are spoken by about 60 % of the people of Pakistan, totaling around 110 million. The disagreement arises from the status of Saraiki, Hindoko and Potohari which for some are dialects of Punjabi and for others are separate languages. Their number in Pakistan varies widely according to different sources. Excluding the related languages Saraiki, Hindoko and Potohari, there are approximately 115 million Punjabi speakers. There is a Punjabi diaspora in the United Kingdom, Canada, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Kenya, South Africa and Fiji. Today, with more than one-hundred million speakers, Punjabi is among the ten largest languages of the world.ĭistribution: The vast majority of Punjabi speakers reside in Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh) and India (Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh). With the independence and separation of India and Pakistan, the Panjab was divided between the two countries and a mass migration followed which ended in tragedy.
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The Panjab was open to many invaders and with time became a land of religious diversity, being inhabited by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Its territory is the Panjab, a region of alluvial plains irrigated by the five great tributaries of the Indus River. It stemmed from the medieval Prakrit language Shauraseni, at the dawn of the second millennium CE. Punjabi is a regional language of Pakistan and northwestern India. Other languages of the same group are Sindhi and Kashmiri. Name Origin: Punjabi means 'belonging to the five rivers', in reference to the major affluents of the river Indus.Ĭlassification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Modern Indo-Aryan, North-Western.